![]() In 2019, Presidential Regulation Number 55 Year 2019 regarding the Acceleration Program for Battery Electric Vehicles for Road Transportation was enacted. ![]() This trend shows that the market for private vehicles is still relatively high. Private vehicle ownership has been steadily rising by more than 5% yearly, according to the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, which statistically comprises motorcycles (82%), cars (11%), buses (1.7%), and freight transport (5.3%). With the fast economic growth of 5% in 2019, which is predicted to rebound in 2022 after the COVID-19 pandemic, and the high urbanization rate, it is expected that the necessity for convenient mobility will surge. The transportation sector is one of the most significant contributors to CO 2 emissions in Indonesia, second to the industrial sector. With fast economic growth and rapid urbanization in Indonesia, it is projected that more people will acquire a personal vehicle for mobility. ![]() Unfortunately, the currently dominant fossil-based fuelled transport systems harm the environment as they emit pollutants and increase greenhouse gas emissions. Modern-day society relies on people and goods’ mobility.
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